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图书目录:Foreword to the Dumb Ox Edition by Ralph McInerny
Translators' Preface Introduction by Vernon J. Bourke BOOK I. THE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL THINGS Lecture 1. The matter and the subject of natural science and of this book. We must proceed from the more universal principles which are better known to us. Lecture 2. The opinions of the ancient philosophers about the principles of nature and of beings. It does not pertain to natural science to disprove some of these opinions. Lecture 3. The assertion of Parmenides and Melissus that all things are one being is refuted Lecture 4. The later philosophers also were involved in this same error, namely, that the one and the many could not in any way concur Lecture 5. The argument of Melissus is answered Lecture 6. The argument of Parmenides is answered in a number of ways Lecture 7. He disproves the position of those who said that non-being is something Lecture 8. The opinions of the Physicists who spoke of the principles as natural philosophers Lecture 9. The opinion of Anaxagoras that the principles are infinite are refuted Lecture 10. The opinions of the ancients concerning the contrariety of the first principles Lecture 11. There are three principles of natural things, no more, no less Lecture 12. In every coming to be three principles are to be found: the subject, the terminus of the production, and its opposite Lecture 13. There are two per se principles of the being and of the becoming of natural things, namely, matter and form, and on per accidens principle, namely, privation Lecture 14. The problems and the errors of the ancients which spring from an ignorance of matter are resolved by the truth about the principles already determined LcctUlre 15. Matter is distntguished from privation. Matter is neither generable nor corruptible per se BOOK II. THE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SCIENCE Lecture 1. What is nature? What things have a nature? What things are 'according to nature'? Lecture 2. Nature is both matter and form, but primarily form Lecture 3. How physics and mathematics differ in their consideration of the same thing Lecture 4. Physics considers not only matter but also every form existing in matter Lecture 5. Physics determines what the causes are and how many species of causes there are Lecture 6. Concerning the different modes of causing and those things which are consequent upon these different modes of causing Lecture 7. Different opinions about fortune and chance, the hidden causes Lecture 8. After making certain divisions among effects and causes, he concludes to a definition of fortune Lecture 9. The meaning of the things which the ancient philosophers and the common man say about fortune Lecture 10. The difference between chance and fortune. The causes are neither more nor less than four. Lecture 11. Natural philosophy demonstrates from all of the four genera of causes Lecture 12. The argument of those who deny that nature acts for an end Lecture 13. It is demonstrated that nature acts for an end Lecture 14. He demonstrates that nature acts for an end from the evidence from which some conclude to the opposite position Lecture 15. How necessity is found in natural things BOOK III. MOBILE BEING IN COMMON Lecture 1. Natural science treats motion and those things which are consequent upon motion. Certain divisions which are necessary for the investigation of the definition of motion Lecture 2. The definition of motion Lecture 3. The definition of motion has been well formulated Lecture 4. Motion is the act of the mobile object as the subject in which and the act of the mover as the cause by which Lecture 5. What action and passion are the same motion Lecture 6. Physics considers the infinite. The opinions of the ancients concerning the infinite. Lecture 7. Arguments which persuade us that the infinite exists. The meanings of 'infinite.' An infinite separated from sensible things must be denied. Lecture 8. An infinite in act in sensible things cannot be granted. This is shown first from logical arguments, secondly with natural arguments, on the supposition that the elements of bodies are finite in number Lecture 9. He proves without suppositions that there is no actually infinite sensible body Lecture 10. The infinite exists, not as being in act, but as being in potency. Different infinites are compared with each other. Lecture 11. The definition of the infinite Lecture 12. The meanings of things which are said about the infinite Lecture 13. He answers the arguments which were brought forth in Lecture 7 to show that the infinite exists not only in potency but also in act BOOK IV. PLACE, VOID AND TIME, THE MEASURES OF MOBILE BEING Lecture 1. The study of place pertains to natural science. Probable reasons are given to show that place exists. Lecture 2. Six probable arguments are given to show that place does not exist Lecture 3. He argues whether place is form or matter Lecture 4. Various ways in which something is said to be in something. Whether something can be in 'itself.' Certain difficulties about the existence and nature of place are answered. Lecture 5. Certain things necessary to investigate the definition of place are set forth Lecture 6. The definition of place. Lecture 7. What things are in place simply. How that which is not in place simply is in place accidentally. Lecture 8. From the given definition of place the difficulties raised in Lecture 2 are solved, and the nature of the properties of place is established Lecture 9. The treatment of the void pe4rtains to natural philosophy. Opinions and arguments affirming and denying the existence of the void I~ectzlre 10. What the word 'void' means. The arguments of those who posit a void are refuted. LeJlme 11. it is shown from motion that there is no separated void Lecture 12. It is shown from the speed and slowness in motion that there is no separated void Lecture 13. It is shown from the void itself that there is no separated void Lecture 14. There is no void in bodies Lecture 15. It is argued whether time exists and whether the same 'now' is in all time Lecture 16. By means of disputation he inquires what time is and how it is related to motion Lecture 17. The definition of time is given and explained Lecture 18. How the same 'now' is or is not in the whole of time. The meaning of things which are said of the 'now' Lecture 19. Certain things which are usually said about time are clarified Lecture 20. How motion and other things are in time. What things are, and what things are not in time. Lecture 21. He compares time to things which are in the 'now.' The meaning of 'now' (nunc), 'then' (tunc), 'presently' (iam), 'lately' (moflo), 'long ago' (olim), and 'suddenly' (repente). Lecture 22. How corruption is attributed to time.-All motion and mutation is in time. Lecture 23. Difficulties concerning the existence and unity of time are answered BOOK V. THE DIVISION OF MOTION INTO ITS SPECIES Lecture 1. Motion per se is distinguished from motion per accidens. Only motion per se must be treated Lecture 2. The species of mutation are established. It is shown which of these species is motion in the strict sense. Lecture 3. There is no motion per se in the categories other than quantity, quality, and where Lecture 4. He concludes that there is motion only in quantity, quality, and where. He explains how there is motion in these three genera and what he means by 'immobile.' Lecture 5. He defines 'contact,' 'succession,' 'continuity,' and other related things Lecture 6. The generic, specific, and numerical unity of motion Lecture 7. More concerning the numerical unity of motion. Two secondary types of unity in motion. Lecture 8. The contrariety of motions Lecture 9. The contrariety of rest to motion and of rest to rest Lecture 10. Certain difficulties are answered BOOK VI. THE DMSION OF MOTION INTO ITS QUANTITATIVE PARTS Lecture 1. No continuum is composed of indivisible parts Lecture 2. If Magnitude is composed of indivisible parts, then so is motion. But this is impossible. Lecture 3. The divisibility of time follows from the divisibility of magnitude, and vice versa Lecture 4. The finite and the infinite are found in both magnitude and time in the same way. It is proven that no continuum is indivisible. Lecture 5. The 'now' of time is indivisible. In the 'now' of time nothing is either moved or at rest. Whatever is moved is divisible. Certain difficulties are answered. Lecture 6. Two ways in which motion is divided Lecture 7. The part of time in which a thing has first been moved is indivisible. How there can be a first motion. Lecture 8. Before every 'being moved' there is a 'has been moved.' And before every 'has been moved' there is a 'being moved.' Lecture 9. The finite and the infinite are found together in magnitude, time, motion, and the mobile body Lecture 10. The division of rest and of coming to rest Lecture 11. The arguments of Zeno, who tried to deny all motion, are answered Lecture 12. That which is without quantitative parts can be moved only accidentally Lecture 13. No mutation is infinite in its proper species. How motion can be infinite in time. BOOK VII. THE COMPARISON OF MOVERS AND MOBILE OBJECTS Lecture 1. Whatever is moved must be moved by another Lecture 2. Mobile objects and motions cannot proceed to infinity. There must be an immobile first mover. Lecture 3. In local motion the mover and the moved must be together Lecture 4. In alteration and in increase and decrease the mover and the moved are together Lecture 5. There is no alteration in the fourth species of quality (form and figure) nor in the first species of quality (habit and disposition) in regard to the body Lecfztre 6. There is no alteration in tl~e first species of qualify in regard t~ habits of the soul Lecture 7. The comparison of motions. He shows in general what is required for things to be comparable. Lecture 8. From the principles established in the preceding lecture he shows which motions are comparable to each other Lecture 9. Rules for comparison of motions BOOK VIII. THE FIRST MOTION AND THE FIRST MOVER Lecture 1. Whether or not motion began or will end Lecture 2. Arguments for the eternity of motion Lecture 3. Arguments against Anaxagoras and Empedocles who held that motion is not eternal Lecture 4. He answers arguments which seem to prove that motion is not eternal Lecture 5. Things may be moved or at rest in five ways. The two ways are dismissed. Lecture 6. It cannot be said that some things are always at rest and all other things are always moved Lecture 7. Whatever is moved is moved by another Lecture 8. He explains how heavy and light things are moved Lecture 9. It is impossible for a thing to be moved by another to infinity. It is not necessary that every mover be moved. Lecture 10. How a thing moves itself Lecture 11. How the parts of a self-mover are related to each other, and how the whole is said to move itself with respect to them Lecture 12. The first mover is immobile and one Lecture 13. The first mover is eternal and immobile. The first motion is eternal. Lecture 14. Local motion is the first motion Lecture 15. Only local motion can be continuous and eternal Lecture 16. No local motion other than circular motion can be continuous and eternal Lecture 17. From the foregoing certain difficulties are answered Lecture 18. He shows with logical arguments that circular motion is not continuous Lecture 19. He shows with proper arguments that circular motion can be continuous and that circular motion is the first motion Lecture 20. He shows with common and logical arguments that circular motion is continuous and first. According to the opinions of the ancient philosophers local motion is the first motion. Lecture 21. A finite mover cannot move in an infinite time. An infinite power cannot reside in a finite magnitude. A finite power cannot reside in an infinite magnitude. Lecture 22. The problem of projectile motion Lecture 23. The first mover cannot have magnitude Appendix A |