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图书目录:Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments Tables and Figures Part 1 Democracy as an Ideal and as an Achievement Chapter 1. Conflict and Cooperation: The Primal Task What Government Is Best? Chapter 2, Two Principles: Equality and Consent Chapter 3. Five Questions About Equality and Consent 1. Are Consent and Political Equalityto be Continuous? 2. Can Sufficient Equality Be Maintained? 3. Can Conflicts Be Handled Satisfactorily? 4. Can the People Govern Wisely? 5. Will the Government Be Effective? Summary Chapter 4. First Answer: Majority-Rule Democracy What People? Majority Rule versus Minority Rights Majority Decisions: How? Political Equality and Inequality? Summary Chapter 5. Second Answer: Rule by Elites Mosca, Pareto, Michels Sources of the Tendency to Oligarchy Causes of Inequalities The Fallacy.of Dichotomous Thinking Summary Chapter 6, Third Answer: Polyarchy Democracy: An Ambiguous Term Polyarchies as Systems on a Continuum The Conditions of Democratic Government Res,tated A Survey of Polyarchies Polyarchy and Majority-Rule Democracy Polyarchy and Hegemonic Elite Rule Summary Chapter 7. The American Polyarchy: Four Characteristics Discrimination Against Racial Minorities Wide Acceptance of American Institutions Extreme Partitioning of Political Authority Incremental Perspectives on Political Action Summary Part 2 How and Why a Polyarchy Emerged on the American Continent Chapter 8. How Decisions in 1787 Shaped the American Polyarchy Were the Founders Conservatives or Revolutionaries? Agreements: The Need for Compromise The Need to Partition Authority Disagreements Democracy or Aristocracy? A Confederacy or a National Republic? Equal States or Equal Citizens? The Uncompleted Agenda Summary Chapter 9. How American Conditions Favored Polyarchy First Condition: Equalities Second Condition: Ideological Convergence Qualifications: Differences in Depth and Distribution Third Condition: The Constitutional Framework Summary 113 Part 3 The Major Institutions: Design and Performance Chapter 10. The Presidency: Design Introduction At the Convention: The Paucity of Models Four Questions in Search of Answers The Unfinished Business Summary Chapter 11. The Presidency: Performance The Contribution of the Presidents Modern Developments A Success? Too Much To Do? Too Much Power? Summary Chapter 12. Congress as Representative: The Design The Congress and the Convention: Agreements Disagreements Majorities in the House, Minorities in the Senate Which Minorities? Summary Chapter 13. Congress as Representative: Performance The Senate: Bastion of Which Minorities? The House: Representatives of the Majority? One Man, One Vote Single-Member Districts with Plurality Elections Popular Control Summary Chapter 14. Congress as Policy-Maker: Performance Shared Power and Cooperation Antagonism and Conflict No Procedure Is Decisive Summary Chapter 15. The Supreme Court and Judicial Review: Design and Development The Uncertain Design of the Founders John Marshall's Bold Design Judicial Review and Democratic Principles Summary Chapter 16. The Supreme Court and Judicial Review: Performance The Record The Court as a Political Institution Summary Chapter 17. The Other Eighty Thousand Governments Making National Polyarchy More Manageable Reducing Conflicts by Diversity and Denationalization Partitioning Power Facilitating Self-Government: The Darker Side Facilitating Self-Government: The Brighter Side Summary 238 Chapter 18. Political Parties: The Unforeseen Element The Founders' Lack of Foresight Early Development of Parties Summary Chapter 19. Eight Characteristics of the American Party System A Two-Party System Variability of Effective Competition Diffusion and Decentralization of Control Low Cohesion ideological Similarity and Issue Conflict Differences in Party Followings Durability Variability in Party Support Summary Chapter 20. The Performance of Political Parties: Contributions to Polyarchy Parties and Popular Control Parties and Rationality Parties and Conflict Summary Part 4 Conflict and Conciliation in the American Polyarchy Chapter 21. Conflict and Conciliation Stability and Change Change: Incremental, Comprehensive, Revolutionary Sources of Political Change The Depth of Change and Conflict Conflict: Moderate and Severe Conflict: A Paradigm Chapter 22. Overlapping Cleavages--Low Polarization Regional Differences Socioeconomic Differences: Occupations Social Classes Findings Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Cleavages Ideologies: Democracy ideologies: "Liberal" versus "Conservative" The Limits of Ideological Thinking Consequences Chapter 23. Comprehensive Change and Severe Conflict The Recurrence of Intense Conflict The Pattern of Severe Conflict American Political Institutions as Managers of Conflict Possible Consequences of Severe Conflict: Political Integration, Alienation, Civil War Summary Chapter 24. Political Polarization and Civil War Symptoms of Rising Conflict Change, Compromise, Reconciliation Summary Pert 5 Reflections on Political Action Chapter 25. Influencing the Conduct of Government: An Overview Prospects for Success The Key Governmental Actor Other Actors The Multiplicity of Check Points Some Political Axioms Summary Chapter 26. Alternative Strategies for Political Activists Rise Up Against the Government? Use the Processes Available in Polyarchy? Democracy .and the Proletariat Patterns of Reform: Europe versus America The Pattern of Conflict Operation of the Political Institutions Difficulties in the Second Strategy The Third and Fourth Strategies An Appraisal of the Four Strategies Four Factors Relevant to Choosing a Strategy Summary Chapter 27. The Uncompleted Agenda of the American Polyarchy Description, Explanation, and Appraisal Consent and Political Equality as Standards Five Perspectives from which to Evaluate Performance Deficiencies in the Performance of the American Polyarchy Indx Table 6.1 Some Conditions of Democratic Government Table 6.2 Political Regimes in 114 Countries, circa 1971 Table 6.3 Polyarchies circa 1971 Table 8.1 Three issues in the Constitutional Convention Table 8.2 Votes in the Constitutional Convention on the Issue of Equal Representation for the States Table 9.1 Negro Population in the United States, 1800 to 1860 Table 9.2 Negro Population in the South, 1800 to 1860 Table 9.3 Participation in Various Political Activities in the United States Table 9.4 American Attitudes Toward Equality versus Law and Order, 1969 Table 9.5 Attitudes of Youth on Political Goals and Methods, 1969 Figure 9.1 Percent of Total Population Voting in Presidential Election, 1824-1968 Figure 9.2 Patterns of Turnout: United States, 1860-1968, by Region; and Selected Western European Nations, 1948-66 Figure 11.1 Presidential Popularity Table 13.1 Advantage and Disadvantage in the Senate, 1965-70 Table 13.2 Votes and Seats in a Hypothetical Legislature Figure 13.1 Paths to Popular Control Figure 13.2 Paradigm for Explication of Roll Call Behavior Table 17.1 Number and Type of Government Units in the United States, Selected Years, 1942-67 Table 17.2 General Expenditure for Civil Functions by All Levels of Government as Percentage of Gross National Product, Selected Years, 1902-67 Table 17.3 United States Presidents, 1900-68: Previous Elective Offices Table 17.4 Previous Offices Held by United States Senators, 1959-71 Table 17.5 United States Regions Ranked by Proportion of Nonpartisan Cities, 1970 Table 17.6 Percentage of Population of Voting Age Who Vote in City and National Elections Table 17.7 Rank Order Distributions for Salience of Governmental Affairs at Four Levels Table 17.8 Estimated Degree of Impact of National and Local Governments on Daily Life Table 17.9 "On the whole, do the activities of the national (local) government tend to improve conditions in this area, or would we be better off without them?" Table 17.10 The Sense of Understanding of Issues Table 17.11 "If you make an effort to change a proposed law or regulation you considered very unjust or harmful, how likely is it that you would succeed?" Figure 17.1 Federal, State, and Local Expenditures, 1938-67 Figure 17.2 General Expenditure by Level of Government and Function (other than for national defense and international relations), 1968-9 Figure 17.3 Federal, State, and Local Revenues, 1938-67 Figure 17.4 Trends in Government Employment, 1946 -69 Figure 17.5 Party Competition in the Twelve Most Populous States: House Candidates, 1970; Senate Candidates, 1966-70 Figure 17.6 New Haven, Connecticut: Percentage of Citizens 21 Years Old and Over Voting in Presidential and Mayoralty Elections, 1860-1950 Table 18.1 Citizens' Views on the Relative Efficacy of Parties and Elections, U.S., 1964 Table 18.2 Distribution of Response on Party System Support Items, Wisconsin, 1966 Table 19.1 Third Party Seats Won in Elections to Congress, 1862-1970 Table 19.2 "In politics as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, Democrat, or Independent?" Figure 19.1 Relation between Seats and Votes, U. S. House of Representatives, 1900-70 Figure 19.2 Third Parties: Votes and Seats, U. S. House of Representatives, 1920-68 Figure 19.3 Presidential Elections, 1864-1968: Percentage of Total Popular Votes Cast for Democratic, Republican, and Third-Party Presidential Candidates Figure 19.4 Presidential Support Scores, 1961-70 Figure 19.5 The American Electorate, 1948-68: Percentage of the Two-Party Vote Won by Democratic Presidential Candidates in Various Categories of Voters Figure 19.6 The Decline of Party Loyalty, 1956-66 Table 21.1 A Paradigm: Some Factors that Moderate or Intensify Political Conflicts Figure 21.1 Agreement Piles Up Heavily on One Side: The J Curve Figure 21.2 Disagreement is Moderate: The Bell Curve Figure 21.3 Disagreement is Severe and Extreme: The U Curve Figure 21.4 Moderation Among Leaders, Extremism Among Ordinary Citizens Figure 21.5 Extremism Among Leaders, Moderation Among Ordinary Citizens Table 22.1 Attitudes Toward Bussing of School Children Table 22.2 Attitudes Toward the Speeding up of Integration Table 22.3 Attitudes Toward Four Different Problems Table 22.4 Region in Relation to Distribution Along Scale Measuring Attitudes Toward American Involvement in Foreign Affairs Table 22.5 Regional Distribution of Foreign Policy Attitudes in 1970 Table 22.6 Attitudes Toward Federal Action on Five Public Policy Issues, by Occupations, 1964 Table 22.7 Ideological Attit~es by Occupations, 1964 Table 22.6 Attitudes Toward Federal Action on Five Public Policy Issues, by Self-Identified Classes, 1964 Table 22.9 Ideological Attitudes, by Self- Identified Classes, 1964 Table 22.10 Class Identification by Party Table 22.11 Attitudes Toward the Role of Government, by Race, 1968 Table 22.12 Political Attitudes, by Religion, 1968 Table 22.13 Attitudes Toward Government Intervention by Ethnic Groups (Whites Only), Five Issues, 1964 Table 22.14 Percent Internationalist of Liberals and Conservatives Table 22.15 Ideologues and Non-ldeologues Among American Voters Figure 22.1 Class Voting in the Anglo-American Countries, 1936-62 Figure 22.2 Class Voting in the United States, 1936-60 Table 23.1 The Stakes of Conflict: Ways of Life Table 24.1 Principal Positions on the Question of Slavery, 1850-61 Table 24.2 Slavery and Secession, 1850-61 Table 24.3 Election of 1860: Percentages of Votes Won, by Major Regions Table 24.4 Election of 1860: Votes Won Figure 25.1, Successful Efforts to Influence Government Table 26.1 Four Factors Relevant to theChoice of Political Strategies bya Group Table 26.2 Appropriate Strategies for Four Kinds of Groups Figure 26.1 The Vicious Cycle of Political Alienatiorr Table 27.1 Distribution of Black Population in the United States Table 27.2 Black Elected Officials in the United States, March, 1971 Table 27.3 Shares of Income Received by United States Families, 1968 Table 27.4 Government Taxes as a Percent of Total Income: 1968 Figure 27.1 The Cycle of Defeat Figure 27.2 The Cycle of Success Figure 27.3 How Economic and Political Inequalities Tend to Reinforce One Another |