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图书目录：Preface
Part One ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY Chaper I Socrates' Predecessors What Is Permanent in Existence? Thales Anaximander Anaximenes The Mathematical Basis of All Things Pythagoras Attempts to Explain Change Heraclitus Parmenides Zeno Empedocles Anaxagoras The Atomists Atoms and the Void Theory of Knowledge and Ethics Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates The Sophists Protagoras Gorgias Thrasymachus Socrates Socrates' Life Socrates as a Philosopher Socrates' Theory of Knowledge: Intellectual Midwifery Socrates' Moral Thought Socrates' Trial and Death Chapter 3 Plato Plato's Life Theory of Knowledge The Cave The Divided Line Theory of Forms Moral Philosophy The Concept of the Soul The Cause of Evil: Ignorance or Forgetfulness Recovering Lost Morality Political Philosophy The State as a Giant Person The Philosopher-King The Virtues in the State The Decline of the Ideal State View of the Cosmos Chapter4 Aristotle Aristotle's Life Logic The Categories and the Starting Point Of Reasoning The Syllogism Metaphysics The Problem of Metaphysics Defined Substance as the Primary Essence of Things Matter and Form The Process of Change: The Four Causes Potentiality and Actuality The Unmoved Mover The Place of Humans: Physics, Biology, and Psychology Physics Biology Psychology Ethics Types of "Ends" The Function of Human Beings Happiness as the End Virtue as the Golden Mean Deliberation and Choice Contemplation Evil as Privation The Range of Created Being: The Chain of Being Morality and Natural Law Natural Law The State Human Nature and Knowledge Human Nature Knowledge Scotus, Ockham, and Eckhart Voluntarism Nominalism Mysticism Part Three EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY Chapter 9 Philosophy during the Renaissance The Closing of the Middle Ages Humanism and the Italian Renaissance Pico Machiavelli The Reformation Luther Erasmus Skepticism and Faith Montaigne Pascal The Scientific Revolution New Discoveries and New Methods Modern Atomism Francis Bacon Distempers of Learning Idols of the Mind Inductive Method Thomas Hobbes Influence of Geometry upon Hobbes's Thought Bodies in Motion: The Object of Thought Mechanical View of Human Thought Political Philosophy and Morality The State of Nature Obligation in the State of Nature The Social Contract Civil Law versus Natural Law Chapter 10 Rationalism on the Continent Descartes Life Descartes' Method Methodic Doubt The Existence of God and External Things Mind and Body Spinoza Method God: Substance and Attribute The World as Modes of God's Attributes Knowledge, Mind, and Body Ethics Leibniz Substance God's Existence Knowledge and Nature Chapter 11 Empiricism in Britain Locke Locke's Theory of Knowledge Locke's Moral and Political Theory Berkeley Hume Hume's Theory of Knowledge What Exists External to Us? Ethics Part Four LATE MODERN AND 19TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY Chapter 12 Kant The Shaping of Kant's Problem Kant's Critical Philosophy and His Copernican Revolution The Way of Critical Philosophy The Nature of a priori Knowledge The Synthetic A Priori Kant's Copernican Revolution The Structure of Rational Thought The Categories of Thought and the Forms of Intuition The Self and the Unity of Experience Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality Transcendental Ideas of Pure Reason as Regulative Concepts The Antinomies and the Limits of Reason Proofs of God's Existence Practical Reason The Basis of Moral Knowledge Morality and Rationality "Good" Defined as the Good Will The Categorical Imperative The Moral Postulates Aesthetics: The Beautiful The Beautiful as Independent Pleasant Satisfaction The Beautiful as an Object of Universal Delight Finality versus Purpose in the Beautiful Object Necessity, Common Sense, and the Beautiful Chapter13 German Idealism Kant's Impact on German Thought Hegel Life Absolute Mind The Nature of Reality Ethics and Politics Absolute Spirit Schopenhauer Schopenhauer's Life The Principle of SufficientReason The World as Will and Idea The Ground of Pessimism Is There Any Escape from the "Will"? Chapter 14 Utilitarianism and Positivism Bentham Bentham's Life The Principle of Utility Law and Punishment Bentham's Radicalism John Stuart Mill Mill's Version of Utilitarianism Liberty Comte Comte's Life and Times Positivism Defined The Law of the Three Stages Comte's Sociology and "Religion of Humanity" Chapter 15 Kierkegaard, Marx, and Nietzsche Kierkegaard Human Existence Truth as Subjectivity The Aesthetic Stage The Ethical Stage The Religious Stage Marx 363 Marx's Life and Influences The Epochs of History: Marx's Dialectic The Substructure: The Material Order The Alienation of Labor The Superstructure: The Origin and Role of Ideas Nietzsche Nietzsche's Life "God is Dead" The Apolonian versus Dionysian Master Morality versus Slave Morality The Will to Power Revaluation of All Morals The Superperson Part Five 20TH CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Chapter 16 Pragmatism and Process Philosophy Pragmatism Peirce A Theory of Meaning The Role of Belief The Elements of Method James Pragmatism as a Method The Pragmatic Theory of Truth Free Will The Will to Believe Dewey 403 The Spectator versus Experience Habit, Intelligence, and Learning Value in a World of Fact Process Philosophy Bergson Going Around versus Entering Into The Scientific Way of Analysis The Metaphysical Way of Intuition The Process of Duration Evolution and the Vital Impulse Morality and Religion Whitehead The Error of Simple Location Self-Consciousness Prehension Eternal Objects Chapterl7 Analytic Philosophy Bertrand Russell Logical Atomism Problems with Logical Atomism Logical Positivism The Principle of Verification Rudolph Carnap Problems with Logical Positivism Quine's Critique of Empiricism Ludwig Wittgenstein Wittgenstein's Road to Philosophy The New Wittgenstein Language Games and Following Rules Clarifying Metaphysical Language John Austin The Notion of "Excuses" The Benefits of Ordinary Language Chapter 18 Phenomenology and Existentialism Edmund Husserl Husserl's Life and Influence The Crisis of European Science Descartes and Intentionality Phenomena and Phenomenological Bracketting The Life-World Martin Heidegger Heidegger's Life Dasein as Being-in-the-World Dasein as Concern Religious Existentialism Karl Jaspers Gabriel Marcel Jean-Paul Sartre Sartre's Life Existence Precedes Essence Freedom and Responsibility Nothingness and Bad Faith Human Consciousness Marxism and Freedom Revisited Maurice Merleau-Ponty Merleau-Ponty's Life The Primacy of Perception The Relativity of Knowledge Perception and Politics Chapter19 Recent Philosophy The Mind-Body Problem Ryle and the Ghost in the Machine Identity Theory and Functionalism Searle and the Chinese Room Argument Rorty Influence of Pragmatism The Contingency of Language The Contingency of Selfhood The Contingency of Community Virtue Theory Revisited Elizabeth Anscombe Nel Noddings Continental Philosophy Structuralism Post-Structuralism Postmodernism Glossary G-1 A Selected Bibliography B-1 Index I-1 |
