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图书目录:part one scope and method
1 the field of economic geography, Need for the Study of Geography, 3. Origin and Content, 3. Study of the Features of Geographic Space, 4. Approaches to the Understanding of Geographic Situations, 4. Geographic Problems, 5. Segregation of Eco- nomic Phenomena, 6. Scope, 6. Production, 6. Consumption, 7. Charac- teristics of the Production Process, 8. Objective, 9. Importance of Theory, 10. Sources of Hypotheses, 10. Testing, 11. Geographic Science, 11. Con- clusion, 12. 2 the problems of economic geography, Approaches, 14. Occurrences, 15. Multiplicity of Locational Factors, Distributions, 15. Sampling, 16. Significance of the Individual Case, Identification and Classification, 17. The Standard Industrial Classifica- tion (SIC), 17. Measures of Magnitude, 18. The Income Measure, Alternative Measures, 19. Area-Unit Measures, 20. Land-Use Studies, The Measurement of Consumption, 21. Computational Procedures, Scale, 23. Areal Generalization, 24. Areal Statistical Units, 25. The Mean Distance Measure of Areal Generalization, 26. Local Variations in Scale, 26. Summary, 28. Aids to Comprehension, 28. Additional Aids: Classifica- tion According to Pattern, 37. Usefulness of Classification According to Pattern, 39. Summary, 3 the hypotheses of economic geography, The Locational Process, 41. Locational Forces, 42. Competition for Re- sources, 43. Supply and Demand, 44. Areal Association, 44. Uses of Earlier Studies, 45. Simulation, 45. Nongeographic Studies, 46. The Non- selective Approach, 46. Field Observation, 47. The Monodeterminist, 48. Formulation of the Hypothesis, 48. The "Map-Drawing" Test, 49. An Il- lustration: The Milk Delivery Problem, 49. Derivation of the Hypoth- esis, 51. Significance of the b-Value, 51. The Exploratory Study, 52. The "Where/There" Hypothesis, 52. Incomplete Explanation, 53. Simplifying the Multi-Variable Situation, 53. Models, 54. Need and Pur- pose, 55. The System of Successive Approximations, 55. Graphic Space Models, 55. Distance-Oriented and Least-Cost Models, 56. Uses of Graphic Space Models: Thiinen Rings, 57. Other Applications, 59. Opti- mum Areas, 59. Limits, 60. The Hypothetical Map, 60. Complementary Space Models, 61. Models of Competition, 63. Usefulness, 63. Summary, 64. 4 the elaboration and testing of hypotheses, Types of Tests, 66. Measurements of Error of the Estimated Values o[ Y, 72. Transformations, 72. Correcting Inadequacies in the Original Hy- pothesis, 73. Incorrect b-Values, 74. Inaccuracies in Estimates of Indi- viduaI Values, 75. The Multivariate Distribution, 77. Location of Errors in Estimation, 77. Maps of Residuals from Regression, 78. The Computer- Inspired Muhivariable Approach, 80. Similarities Between Bivariate and Multivariate Models, 80. Simulation, 83. Evaluation and Professional Acceptance, 84. Conclusion, 85. the economic landscape, The Self-Sufficing Economies, 88, The Homestead, 88. Outlying Areas, 89. Responses to Resources, 89. Tribal Economies and Their Landscapes, 89. Village Economies, 90. External Trade, 90. Landscape Changes, 90. External Factors, 91. Present-day Patterns, 92, Systematic Aspects of the Economic Landscape, 92. By-products of the Specialized Economies. 93. Importance of Scale, 94. Concepts of the "Economy," 94. The "Economy" as a Geographic Concept, 95. The Uniqueness of Regions, 96. The Eco- nomic Region, 97. The Economic Context, 97. The Regional Schema, 98. A Five-Variable Closed System, 99. Generality of the Equation, 99. Change, 100. Covariation, Simplification and Classification, 100. Exog- enous Factors, 101. Exclusive Occupance, 102. Usefulness of the Re- gional Concept, 103. The Economic Sectors, 104. Materials for Hypoth- eses, 104. part two subject matter Literature, 107. A Hierarchy of Subject Matter, 108. The Demand- Orientation Hypothesis, 108. Classification According to Response to Demand as a Locational Factor, 109. Variability Among the Fifty States of the United States, 109. Usefulness of the Classification System, III. Applicability of Generalizations, 6 the services, The Literature, 113. Early Attitudes, 114. Distinguishing Characteristics, 114. Conversion into Commodities, 115. Locational Significance of Re- ductions in Perishability, 115. Impact of Product Standardization, 115. Demands for Custom Work, 116. Locational Significance of Competition Between Alternative Means of Satisfaction, 116. Social and Technologi- cal Change, 117. Transport Costs as Locational Determinants, 117. Size of Establishment as a Locational Determinant, 118. Urbanization, 119. Elements for Inclusion in Hypotheses, 119. Central Place Theory, 120. Dangers in the Goods-Service Dichotomy, 121. Identification and Importance of Services, 122. Classification and 6 the services (continued) Location, 123. Hypotheses, 124. Types of Services, 125. Recreation and Entertainment, 125. Vacation Resources, 127. Institutionalized Personal Services, 229. Government and Public Administration, 130. Business and Repair Services, 131. Conclusion, 131. 7 trade, Characteristics, 133. Marketing Geography, 133. Measurement, 134. Scale, 135. Store Locations in the United States, 135. Limitations of the Model, 136. Cluster, 137. Stores Requiring Larger Numbers of Customers, 139. The Space Variable, 140. Stores Requiring A Large Clientele, 140. The Major Shopping Center, 140. The Locational Model, 141. Services, 142. Noncharacteristic Locations, 142. Procedures, 143. Scale, 143. Indi- vidual Types, 144. Demand, 144. Wholesale Trade, 145. Improvements in Transport, 145. 8 finance, insurance, and real estate, Location, 147. Banking, 148. Banker's Banks, 148. Retail Banks, 150. Magnitudes of Occurrences, 150, Bank Debits, 151. Savings Banks, 151. Security and Commodity Exchanges, 151. Insurance, 151. Real Estate, 152. A Need for More Work, 153. 9 transportation and communications, Definition, 155. Topical Identification, 156. Magnitudes, 157. Tonnages, Income, and Revenues, 157. The Time Dimension, 158. Locational Measurement, 158. Lines and Points, 158. Creation of Income, 159. Methods of Observation, 160. Scale, 161, International Trade, 161. Locaf and Intranational Movements, 161. Movement Sys- tems, 162. Basic Motivation, 163. Transport Location Theory, 163. Location of Transport Routes, 164. Demand for Transport, 167. Summary of Volume of Use, 170. Trade Theory, Location Theory, and Transport Theory, 171. Recapitulation, 172. Communication, 172. Telephone and Telegraph, 173. Radio and Television, 173. Summary, 174. 1O manufacturing and the construction industry, Characteristics, 176. The Need for Categories, 178. Classification, 179. Data, 179. The Estimation of Income in Manufacturing, 180. Industrial Location Theory, 182. Types of Cost Variation, 185. The Particular Case of the Engineering Industries, 193. Industrial Complexes, 194. Locations Under Different Pricing Systems, 194. Competitive Marketing, 197. The Ice Cream Vendor Problem, 197. Applications to Industrial Location Problems, 198. Noneconomic Considerations, 199. Recapitula- tion, 200. Construction, 201. Complete Market Orientation, 201. Sub- stitution of Products, 202, Sumnaary, 203. 11 agriculture, . Agriculture Defined, 204. General Characteristics, 205. Types of Data and Data Aggregation, 208. The Locational Process, 212. Self-sufficing Agriculture, 212. Locations of Self-sufficing Production, 213. Types of Self-sufficing Agriculture, 213. The Special Case of Oriental Agriculture, 214. Commercial Agriculture, 215. Profit-maximizing Assumption, 215. Specialization, 216. Comparative Advantage, 216. Cost of Delivery to Market, 217. Physical Optima and Limits, 219. Economic Optima and Limits, 220. Competitive Relations, 221. Farming Systems, 222. Agglom- eration, 222. Factor Substitution, 223. Improved Transportation, 224. Summary, 12 the extractive industries, Commercial and Noncommercial Extraction, 227. Categories of Produc- tion, 228. Measures of Magnitude, 228. Measuring the Location of Pro- duction, 229. Locational Decision Making in Mining, 230. Markets, 231. Product Substitution, 231. Elasticity of Demand, 232. Deposits, 233. Known Resources, 233. The Locational Choice, 234. Components of Producer Cost, 234. Extraction Costs, 235. Processing Costs, 235. Delivery Costs, 235. Least Cost Locations, 236. Product Specialization, 238. For- estry and Fishing, 238. Other Considerations, 239. Summary, 240. 13 the literature of economic geography, appendix index |