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图书目录: PREFACE
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 AI, Logic and Legal Reasoning: Some General Remarks 1.1.1 An Overview 1.1.2 Artificial Intelligence 1.1.3 Computable Aspects of Legal Reasoning 1.1.4 The Role of Logic 1.2 The Focus of Research 1.3 Logic and AI 1.3.1 The Declarative vs. Procedural Debate 1.3.2 Logics and Programming Systems 1.3.3 Logic and Reasoning 1.4 Points of Departure 1.5 The Structure of this Book 2 THE ROLE OF LOGIC IN LEGAL REASONING 2.1 Three Misunderstandings about Logic 2.1.1 'To Formalize is to Define Completely' 2.1.2 'Formalization Leaves No Room for Interpretation' 2.1.3 'Logic Excludes Nondeductive Modes of Reasoning' 2.2 The 'Deductivist Fallacy' 2.2.1 'Naive Deductivism' 2.2.2 The Criticism 2.2.3 The Misunderstanding 2.2.4 The Merits of the Criticism 2.3 Noninferential Reasoning with Logical Tools 2.4 Rule-based and Case-based Reasoning 2.5 Summary 3 THE NEED FOR NEW LOGICAL TOOLS 3.1 The Separation of Rules and Exceptions in Legislation 3.1.1 Terminology 3.1.2 Examples 3.1.3 Formalizations in Standard Logic 3.1.4 Nonstandard Methods 3.2 Defeasibility of Legal Rules 3.3 Open Texture 3.3.1 Classification Problems 3.3.2 Defeasibility of Legal Concepts 3.3.3 Vagueness 3.4 Which Nonstandard Techniques are Needed? 3.4.1 Reasoning with Inconsistent Information 3.4.2 Nonmonotonic Reasoning 3.5 AI-and-law Programs with Nonstandard Features 3.5.1 The Law as Logic Programs 3.5.2 TAXMAN II 3.5.3 Gardner's Program 3.5.4 CABARET 4 LOGICS FOR NONMONOTONIC REASONING 4.1 Nonmonotonic Logics 4.1.1 Consistency-based Approaches 4.1.2 Autoepistemic Logic 4.1.3 Minimization 4.1.4 Conditional Approaches 4.1.5 Inconsistency Handling 4.2 General Issues : 4.2.1 Preferential Entailment 4.2.2 Properties of Consequence Notions 4.2.3 Connections 4.2.4 Truth Maintenance Systems 4.3 Objections to Nonmonotonic Logics 4.3.1 'Logic is Monotonic' 4.3.2 Intractability 5 REPRESENTING EXPLICIT EXCEPTIONS 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Methods of Representing Rules and Exceptions 5.1.2 Kinds of Exceptions 5.1.3 Requirements for Representing Rules and Exceptions 5.2 Default Logic 5.2.1 Specific Exception Clauses 5.2.2 General ExCeption Clauses 5,2.3 Evaluation 5.3 Circumscription 5.4 Poole's Framework for Default Reasoning 5.5 Logic-programming's Negation as Failure 5.5.1 Specific Exception Clauses 5.5.2 General Exception Clauses 5.5.3 Logic Programs with Classical Negation 5.5.4 Summary 5.6 Evaluation 5.6.1 A Formalization Methodology 5.6.2 Directionality of Defaults 5.6.3 Contrapositive Inferences 5.6.4 Assessment of the Exception Clause Approach 6 PREFERRING THE MOST SPECIFIC ARGUMENT 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Poole: Preferring the Most Specific Explanation 6.3 Problems 6.3.1 Some Possible Facts are Irrelevant 6.3.2 Multiple Conflicts Ignored 6.3.3 Defaults Cannot be Represented in Standard Logic 6.4 A System for Constructing and Comparing Arguments 6.4.1 General Remarks 6.4.2 The Underlying Logical Language 6.4.3 Arguments 6.4.4 Conflicts Between Arguments 6.4.5 Comparing Arguments 6.4.6 Informal Summary 6.5 The Assessment of Arguments 6.5.1 The General Idea 6.5.2 The Dialogue Game Defined 6.5.3 Illustrations 6.6 Combining Priorities and Exception Clauses 6.6.1 Extending the System 6.6.2 Illustrations 6.7 Evaluation 7 REASONING WITH INCONSISTENT INFORMATION] 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Existing Formalizations of Inconsistency Tolerant Reasoning 7.2.1 Alchourrdn & Makinson (1981) 7.2.2 Belief Revision Approaches 7.2.3 Brewka's Preferred-subtheories Approach 7.3 Diagnosis 7.4 Hierarchical Defeat 7.5 General Features of the System 7.5.1 Properties of the Consequence Notion 7.5.2 Sceptical and Credulous Reasoning 7.5.3 Floating Conclusions 7.5.4 Accrual of Arguments 7.6 Conclusion 8 REASONING ABOUT PRIORITY RELATIONS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Legal Issues 8.2.1 Legal Collision Rules 8.2.2 Requirements for a Formal Analysis 8.3 Extending the Definitions 8.4 A Formalization Methodology 8.5 Examples 8.6 An Alternative Method 9 SYSTEMS FOR DEFEASIBLE ARGUMENTATION 9.1 Argumentation Systems 9.2 Some Argumentation Systems 9.2.1 The Bondarenko-Dung-Kowalski-Toni Approach 9.2.2 Pollock 9.2.3 Lin and Shoham 9.2.4 Vreeswijk's Abstract Argumentation Systems 9.2.5 Nute's Defeasible Logic 9.2.6 Simari and Loui 9.2.7 Geffner and Pearl's Conditional Entailment 9.2.8 General Comparison 9.3 Other Relevant Research 9.3.1 Brewka's Later Work 9.3.2 Reason-based Logic 10 USING THE ARGUMENTATION SYSTEM 10.1 A Comparison of the Methods for Representing Exceptions 10.2 Implementational Concerns 10.3 Applications 10.3.1 Toulmin on the Structure of Arguments 10.3.2 The System as a Tool in Reasoning 10.4 A Logical Analysis of Some hnplemented Systems 10.4.1 Gardner's Program 10.4.2 CABARET 10.4.3 Applications of Logic Metaprogramming 10.4.4 Freeman and Farley's DART System 10.4.5 The Pleadings Game 10.5 Four Layers in Legal Argumentation 11 CONCLUSION 11.1 Summary 11.2 Main Results 11.3 Implications for Other Issues 11.4 Suggestions for Further Research A NOTATIONS, ORDERINGS AND GLOSSARY A1 General Symbols and Notations A2 Ordering Relations A3 Notions of the Argumentation System of Chapters 6-8 A4 Glossary REFERENCES INDEX |