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图书目录: PREFACE
PART I. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING The Social Contract and Social Control. THE DOCTRINE OF AUTOCRACY. DOCTRINES OF SOCIAL IRRESPONSIBILITY. The Autonomous Individual. Psychoanalysis and Social Control. THE GESELLSCHAFT DOCTRINE. Ge- meinschaft und Gesellschaft. Variations on the Theme. THE DOCTRINE OF COLLECTIVE AUTHORITY. Mass Media and the Mass Society. REDISCOVERY OF THE PRIMARY GROUP. The Gesellschaft Fallacy. The Primary Group Is Rediscovered. CHAPTER 2. THE CULTURAL BASIS OF SOCIAL CONTROL . THE PERSISTENCE AND CONTINUITY OF SOCIAL ACTION. The Cultural Ex- planation of Behavior. The Sociopsychological Explanation. The Missing Factor. CULTURE AND PERSONALITY. The Basic Culture and Social Con- trol. SUBCULTURES. Regional Subcultures. Class Subcultures. Sex Subcul- tures. Occupational Subcultures. Family and Household Subcultures. IN- FRACULTURAL DETERMINANTS. Cultural Relativity and the Search for Ab- solutes. The Biological Absolutes. Status Needs as an Infracultural Phe- nomenon. CHAPTER 3. THE COMPONENTS OF BEHAVIOR: PERSON- ALITY, SITUATION, AND SOCIAL CONTROL PERSONALITY. The Elements of Personality. The Calculative Process. NORMATIVE VERSUS DEVIANT ATTRIBUTES OF PERSONALITY. The Private Self and the Public Self. Personality Organization. SITUATIONAL FACTORS IN BEHAVIOR. Situational Definition. Stereotyped Definitions. Self-defini- tion: Role Taking and Role Shifting. Situationally Imposed Roles. SOCIAL CONTROL: "['HE THIRD DIMENSION OF BEHAVIOR. PART II. THE NATURE AND OPERATION OF SOCIAL CONTROL CHAPTER 4. THE DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL STATUS The Biological Ability versus the Social Right to Live. Status: a Social Grant. Status and Self-definition. ASCRIBED AND ACHIEVED STATUS. For Value Received or Receivable. Ascribed Status. Achieved Status. GENERIC ANn SPECIFIC STATUS. THE STATUS ROLE. Status Rights. Status Symbols. Status Obligations. Reciprocal Rights and Obligations. Personal Status. STATUS ASPIRATION AND CONFORMING BEHAVIOR. Seniority versus Merit. TRANSFERABILITY OF STATUS. The Status of Stranger. Nontransferable Status. GESELLSCHAFT: THE ILLUSION OF A SOCIETY OF STRANGERS. CHAPTER 5. STATUS GROUPS AND THEIR NORMS THE DIMENSIONS OF THE STATUS GROUP. The Factor of Numbers. The Factor of Duration. The Factor of Frequency. The Factor of Structura- tion. THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER OF THE STATUS GROUP. Categories of the Population. Social Aggregations. Assemblages. Publics. Institutional Organizations. VARIETIES OF STATUS GROUPS. Work Groups. Community Groups. Recreational Coteries and Clubs. Peer Groups. STATUS-GROUP NORMS. The Law of the Group. NORMS AND CONFORMING BEHAVIOR. Group Tolerance. Tabu Circumvention. Sins of Commission and Omission. Personal Status and Tolerance. NORMS FOR DEVIANT ROLES. CHAPTER 6. STATUS-GROUP NORMS AND VALUES Norms and Values. STATUS-GROUP VALUES. Real and Spurious Values. Norms as Ends in Themselves. Individual versus Group Values. The Value Scale. The Value Motif. SURVIVAL AS A VALUE. Survival as a Group. Self-interest Basis of Group Survival. Satellite Values. THE RELATION- SHIP OF NORMS AND VALUES. Sociological versus Sociopsychological Func- tions. Production Norms, an Illustration. Combat Norms, an Illustration. Empirical Nature of Norms. CHAPTER 7. STATUS-GROUP STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS THE STRUCTURE OF AUTHORITY. Rank. Office. Limits on the Authority of Office. THE FUNCTIONS OF OFFICE. Juridical Function. Arbitrative Function. Managerial Function. STRUCTURE AND STABILITY. THE DY- NAMICS OF THE STATUS GROUP. The Power Structure. Boss Rule. Rule by Respect. Dynamics of the Power Structure. CHAPTER 8. MORALE AND SOCIAL CONTROL MORALE: SITUATIONAL AND GROUP. Situational Morale. Group Morale. THE DETERMINANTS OF MORALE. Tradition. The Trend of Recent Experi- ence. Crisis and Morale. The Quality of Leadership. Equity and Morale. The Compulsive Factor in Morale. MORALE-MAINTAINING DEVICES Cere- monies, Ceremonials, Rites, and Rituals. Induction and Indoctrination Rites. Ceremonial Occasions. Procedural Rites. The Claim to Social Sig- nificance. Argot, Jargon, and Bureaucratic Jabberwocky. CHAPTER 9. THE TECHNIQUES OF SOCIAL CONTROL: I. BASIC PROCESSES His Brother's Keeper. The Techniques of Social Control. PHYSICAL SANC- TIONS. A Negative Control. Expulsion. Extermination. Physical Punish- ment. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS. Economic Penalization. Methods of Worker Penalization. The Frame-up. Economic Intimidation. Economic Rewards. PSYCHOLOGICAL SANCTIONS. Psychological Punishment. As a Traumatic Experience. Psychological Rewards. Status Testing. ANTICIPATED SANC- TIONS. Group Omnipresence CHAPTER 10. THE TECHNIQUES OF SOCIAL CONTROL: II. IDEOLOGICAL THE GROUP'S UNIVERSE Or ACTION. Dynamics of the Group Universe. The Myth of Distinctiveness. THE SYMBOLIC CONTEXT. The Symbolic Context and Conduct. Principles versus Practices. The Need for Reification. RE- IFICATION OF THE SYMBOLIC CONTEXT. Reification of Language. The Re- ification of Myths, Legends, and Rumors. Reification of Discrete Beliefs. IDEOLOGIES AND IDEOLOGISTS. The Sacred-Secular Dichotomy. Ideological versus Pragmatic Concepts of Causation. The Process of Personification. THE REIFICATION OF IDEOLOGIES. Exemption of the Self-defined Elite. De- nial of Validity. Systematic Reification. Role of Official Interpreters. Sec- tarianism. IDEOLOGICAL EXTENSION OF THE STATUS GROUP CHAPTER 11. CONTROL IN THE STATUS-GROUP SYSTEM The Formal Structure versus the Status-group System. FORMS OF ORGANI- ZATION. Alliances. Federative Forms of Organization. "RATIONAL" VERSUS INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION. Contemporary Ethnocentrism. THE TEND- ENCY TOWARD ORGANIZATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM: BUREAUCRATIZATION. Ju- risdiction. Rank and Office. Routinization. The Nature of Bureaucratic Equilibrium. The Dynamics of Bureaucratic Organization. THE CULTURAL BASIS OF BUREAUCRACY. Competition as Death on Bureaucracy. BUREAU- CRATIC ORGANIZATION AS AN AGENCY OF SOCIAL CONTROL. LAW ENFORCE- MENT AS A MODE OF SOCIAL CONTROL, Government and Coercion. Repre- sentative Law. The Law of Compromise. PART III. SOCIAL CONTROL AND COUNTERCONTROL CHAPTER 12. SOCIAL ISOLATION Anomie. ISOLATION AND DEVIATION. IDIOSYNCRATIC ISOLATION. Unsocia- bility. CIRCUMSTANTIAL ISOLATION. Role Conflict and Social Detachment. Personal Adversity and Social Detachment. SOCIAL ISOLATION AND PER- SONAL INSTABILITY. Sociopathic Isolation. Psychopathic Isolation. ISOLA- TION ANDINNOVATION. Innovation: Inadvertent and Deliberate. The Psy- chological Prerequisites to Innovation. CHAPTER 13. SOCIAL ASCENDANCY 354 Interpersonal Ascendancy. "Ego Rehabilitation." THE DIMENSIONS OF ASCENDANCY. Segmental Character. Negative Ascendancy. ASCENDANCY AS A PROCESS. Power Analysis. As an Interactional Process. ASCENDANCY AND ADVANCEMENT. Ascendancy as a Means to Advancement. ASCEND- ANCY AND AUTHORITY. Vested Authority and the Power to Exercise It. Policy Making versus Ascendancy. Prestige and Power. ASCENDANCY AND ORGANIZATION. INTERORGANIZATIONAL ASCENDANCY. CHAPTER 14. AUTOCRATIC CONTROL 387 Autocratic Use of Authority. INTIMIDATION. Tyranny. Techniques of Intimi- dation. Secret Police and Other Agencies of Intimidation. SEDUCTION. The Venal Organization. CONTROL THROUGH AUTOCRATICFIAT. The Habit of Uncritical Obedience. The Fait Accompli. The "Honeymoon." The Inter- stices of Organizational Structure. ORGANIZATIONAL RESISTANCE TO AUTO- CRATIC CONTROL. Demoralization as Resistance. Demoralization and Ef- ficiency. The Conspiracy of Silence. The Progressive Dilution of Autocratic Demands. Attrition. CHAPTER 15. DEMOCRATIC CONTROL Democracy a Process Rather Than a Structure. WILLING OBEDIENCE. Initi- ative. Esprit de Corps. PERSUASION. Paternalism. The Confidence Game. Pride in Innovative Ability. Ascendancy through Conference. The Limits of Persuasion. CONVERSION. Conversional Dramatization. Conversion as a Means to Ascendancy. Counterpropaganda: Reinforcement of Established Ideology. The Morale Function of Conversion. CHAPTER 16. CONQUEST: MILITARY AND ECONOMIC MILITARY CONQUEST. The Causes of War. THE PREREQUISITES TO MILI- TARY CONQUEST. Predatory Leadership. Predatory Values and the Mili- tant Society. The Military Culture. LIMITATIONS ON MILITARY CONQUEST. Dissension. Inertia. Demoralization and Fraternization. RESISTANCE TO MILITARY CONQUEST. Crime and Punishment. Resistance by Evasion. Sabotage. Revenge and Retaliation. The Resistance Movement. Collabora- tion and Collaborators. ECONOMIC CONQUEST. Monopoly as a Form of Con- quest. CHAPTER 17. CONQUEST: CULTURAL APOSTOLICISM. Reform and Uplift. Ethnocentrism and Ethnoexpansionism. THE CONDITIONS OF CULTURAL CONQUEST, Intensity of Apostolic Motivation. Social Disequilibrium and Conquest. Conquest and Status. The Conqueror and the Conquered. The Failure of Democratization. The Dimensions of Cultural Conquest. Social Reform and Social Planning. THE MEANS OF CULTURAL CONQUEST Persuasion. The Use of Advocates. PROPAGANDISTIC EFFORTS AT CULTURAL CONQUEST. Market Propaganda. Political Propaganda. The Mass Media and the Illusion of Mass Control. CHAPTER 18. SOCIAL CRISIS, DEMORALIZATION, AND CONTROL Catastrophe and the Suspension of Social Controls. SOCIAL ADVERSITY. Social Ideals and Adversity. Adversity and the Purge. The Cycle of Ad- versity. SOCIAL CRISIS AND DEMORALIZATION. Social Demoralization. THE IDEOLOGY OF REBELLION. Ideological Abstraction and the Role of Leadership. THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT. The Charismatic Movement. The Revolutionary Movement. The Mass Movement. THE ADVERSITY OF WAR. NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX |